Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Rings That will help you understand their properties and help you think about how they behave in chemical reactions. Learning functional groups will be a matter of connecting those names to general structures.Īnother good way to get to know functional groups is to think about the relative electronegativities of the elements in each group. The good news is that you’ve already learned a lot of functional group names without trying too hard. In the beginning of the course, being presented with a list of 20-25 functional groups to remember might seem like a lot. This is by no means an exhaustive list, but it’s at least a good start. Note that “ R” is a placeholder for a generic carbon substituent.Ī second group of slightly less commonly encountered functional groups are here. Here are some of the most commonly encountered functional groups.

(Advanced) References and Further ReadingĪ functional group is what we call specific groupings of certain atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties.

Miscellaneous: Epoxides, Thioethers, Nitro, Imine, Azide.

Amides, Acid Halides, Anhydrides, Nitriles.

Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters.

Alcohols, Ethers, Amines, Thiols, Alkyl Halides.Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Rings.You’ll meet others, too – this is just a selection of the most common. In a typical sophomore organic chemistry course, there are about 15 key functional groups, with another group of 10 or so that make consistent appearances.Common examples of functional groups are alcohols, alkenes, alkynes, amines, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and ethers, among others.Functional groups are specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule.Transformations, and there are rules that transformations follow in coordinate geometry.

In summary, a geometric transformation is how a shape moves on a plane or grid. If you have an isosceles triangle preimage with legs of 9 feet, and you apply a scale factor of 2 3 rac 3 2 , the image will have legs of 6 feet. Mathematically, a shear looks like this, where m is the shear factor you wish to apply:ĭilating a polygon means repeating the original angles of a polygon and multiplying or dividing every side by a scale factor. Italic letters on a computer are examples of shear.

Shearing a figure means fixing one line of the polygon and moving all the other points and lines in a particular direction, in proportion to their distance from the given, fixed-line. If the figure has a vertex at (-5, 4) and you are using the y-axis as the line of reflection, then the reflected vertex will be at (5, 4). Reflecting a polygon across a line of reflection means counting the distance of each vertex to the line, then counting that same distance away from the line in the other direction. To rotate 270°: (x, y)→ (y, −x) (multiply the x-value times -1 and switch the x- and y-values) To rotate 180°: (x, y)→(−x, −y) make(multiply both the y-value and x-value times -1) To rotate 90°: (x, y)→(−y, x) (multiply the y-value times -1 and switch the x- and y-values) Rotation using the coordinate grid is similarly easy using the x-axis and y-axis:

Rotation rules geometry notes